{"id":3192,"date":"2023-06-01T17:56:11","date_gmt":"2023-06-01T17:56:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/?p=3192"},"modified":"2023-06-01T18:16:35","modified_gmt":"2023-06-01T18:16:35","slug":"natural-gas-and-regulation-in-wisconsin-a-policy-brief","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/?p=3192","title":{"rendered":"Natural gas and regulation in Wisconsin: a policy brief"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This post originally appeared at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.badgerinstitute.org\/natural-gas-and-regulation-in-wisconsin-a-policy-brief\/\">https:\/\/www.badgerinstitute.org\/natural-gas-and-regulation-in-wisconsin-a-policy-brief\/<\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"height:6px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Natural-gas-and-regulation-in-Wisconsin-a-policy-brief-1024x730-1.jpg\" alt=\"Ignited gas stove with a natural gas valve in the foreground\" class=\"wp-image-46623\" width=\"337\" height=\"240\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Since 1990, gross U.S. greenhouse gas emissions have decreased by just over 2%, according to the EPA, but direct on-site emissions from homes and businesses are increasing and now account for 13% of the U.S. total. Some policymakers and environmental activists opposed to the use of fossil fuels like natural gas have pushed state and local governments to ban their use in homes and businesses without consideration of increased cost to consumers, the nature and reliability of our energy supply or technological advances impacting emissions.<\/p>\n<p>Other policymakers and elected officials \u2014 including some in Wisconsin \u2014 have in response introduced legislation designed to ensure the continued right to use fossil fuels to heat and power buildings as well as cars and various other devices.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wisconsin fuel situation<\/h4>\n<p>Wisconsin is among the top 10 states in the reliance of homes on gas as a heating fuel,<sup>1<\/sup> because of gas\u2019 domestically-sourced and reliable availability, its affordability, and its ability to heat effectively in the state\u2019s subzero winter temperatures. These are the factors that distinguish Wisconsin from coastal or milder-climate states in the feasibility of heat-pump adoption.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Percent of homes heated with any sort of fossil fuel: 78.2%<sup>2<\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Natural gas: 64.6%<\/li>\n<li>Propane: 12.1%<\/li>\n<li>Oil: 1.5%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Electricity of any sort: 17.5%<\/li>\n<li>Homes that are all-electric: 11%<sup>3<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Homes using heat pump: 1%<sup>4<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Homes using central heat pumps in Census \u201ceast central\u201d region (Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio<sup>5<\/sup>): 3.4%<sup>6<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Natural gas share of Wisconsin\u2019s\u2026\u00a0<sup>7<\/sup>\n<ul>\n<li>Water heaters: 57%<\/li>\n<li>Stoves and ovens: 34%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>State of play in Wisconsin<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h4>\n<p>Unlike in 14<sup>8<\/sup> other states, no Wisconsin governments currently ban or limit the use of natural gas. However, the Evers administration\u2019s 2022 Clean Energy Plan<sup>9<\/sup> specifically declares that \u201cwe need to simultaneously electrify building heating load as much and as quickly as possible,\u201d urges rewriting building codes to accomplish this, and projects no use of natural gas by 2050.<\/p>\n<p>An Assembly bill, AB 45, bars any local government from \u201cplacing any restriction on the connection or reconnection of a utility service\u201d based on its source of energy. The bill has had a hearing in the Energy and Utilities Committee.<\/p>\n<p>On related lines, the Assembly in April passed two bills, AB 141 and 142, to bar the state or local governments from banning \u201cthe use or sale of a device\u201d or of a motor vehicle based on its energy source. Companion bills have been introduced in the Senate. Legislative opposition centered on saying the bills were unnecessary since no such bans were proposed,<sup>10<\/sup> but environmental groups criticized the bills for hindering such bans.<sup>11<\/sup><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bans and their details<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>One state<\/strong>, New York, \u201cwill prohibit natural gas hookups and other fossil fuels in most new homes and other construction.\u201d New York is only state so far to impose an outright blanket ban on gas.<sup>12<\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Four other states<\/strong> have put some statewide restrictions on gas:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>California is banning the sale of all new natural gas-fired space heaters and water heaters by 2030, via its building code.<sup>13<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Washington state is in effect banning gas for home heating and water heating while permitting it for stoves, via its building code.<sup>14<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Colorado law now requires gas utilities must come up with \u201cclean heat\u201d plans to cut \u201cgreenhouse gas\u201d emissions by 22% under 2015\u2019s level by 2030.<sup>15<\/sup> Utilities regulators decreed that all costs for gas network improvements be loaded onto new developments, amounting to a \u201cde facto ban\u201d on new hookups, said Xcel Energy.<sup>16<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Maryland in 2022 enacted law calling for a 60% reduction in \u201cgreenhouse gas\u201d by 2031. Regulators must have a draft plan by June 30, while building codes regulators must draft a plan to bring about \u201cbroad electrification.\u201d<sup>17<\/sup>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nationwide, <strong>147 local governments<\/strong> have some kind of \u201cdecarbonization\u201d ordinance or rule, according to Building Decarbonization Coalition, a group of utilities, government agencies and HVAC manufacturers.<sup>18<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Countervailing this, <strong>20 states have prohibited<\/strong> local governments from restricting consumers\u2019 use of gas. The states are New Hampshire, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Wyoming, Utah and Arizona.<sup>19<\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Limits to heat pump adoption in Wisconsin<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h4>\n<p>Heat pumps, which work by using a refrigeration coil to extract heat from outside air and transfer it inside, are efficient, but that efficiency decreases as outside temperatures fall below about 40 F.<sup>20<\/sup> When exterior temperatures fall below about 25 F, most conventional heat pumps must use an auxiliary heat source, usually electric heating elements, which consume power at a much higher rate than the heat pump\u2019s usual mode. Average daily lows in Milwaukee are below 25 most of December and all of January and February.<sup>21<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Some advanced cold-climate heat pumps can extract heat as low as exterior temperatures at 0 F. The U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Residential Cold Climate Heat Pump Challenge<sup>22<\/sup> involves manufacturers competing to produce a heat pump that works at 5 F or below. Competing manufacturers in 2022 produced the first prototypes.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cost<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h4>\n<p>Because of heat pumps\u2019 technical limitations at cold temperatures, they are <strong>costly to operate<\/strong> in cold climates.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>A 2021 study found that only 32% of U.S. households nationwide would find it cost-beneficial to use a heat pump, most of those in warm climates.<sup>23<\/sup> \u201cHomes in cold climates, on the other hand, derive the smallest benefits from heat pump adoption,\u201d wrote Thomas A. Deetjen, a researcher at the University of Texas. Such a switch in cold climates\u00a0was cost-effective mostly for homeowners burning oil or propane, or using electricity already, such as baseboard resistance heat. Natural gas is cheap enough that the auxiliary heat required would make a heat pump costlier, he and collaborators at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Michigan wrote.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Other research confirms that.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Researchers at Columbia University\u2019s Center on Global Energy Policy found<sup>24<\/sup> in 2019 that while gas was costlier to operate than a heat pump in Atlanta and cheaper in San Diego, \u201cA much larger cost difference exists in Fargo, where [air source heat pumps] are $3,193 (or 31.3 percent) more expensive (to operate) than the natural gas furnace option due to the low efficiency of current ASHPs in very cold climates.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The Department of Energy in March 2022 summarized the expected average unit costs of five residential energy sources for the year, as required by statute. The agency put the cost of a million BTU of home heat from electricity at about 3.5 times the cost from natural gas.<sup>25<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Those added operating costs come on top of <strong>higher capital costs<\/strong> associated with heat pumps.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>A New York State agency, NYSERDA, in 2019 estimated the potential for heat pump adoption and concluded, \u201cGenerally, installations replacing natural gas have negative [internal rates of return] (indicating that customers do not experience any payback during the life of the installed equipment). \u2026 Gas replacement installations [are] as yet not cost-effective.\u201d<sup>26<\/sup> While homeowners heating with electric resistance or fuel oil would make up the cost of switching to a heat pump, the paper found, those heating with gas in chilly upstate New York would come out about 16% worse, or 17% in new construction.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Trade-offs<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h4>\n<p>The political impetus for compelling more homeowners to use heat pumps instead of gas furnaces is to further environmental goals about carbon dioxide emissions. The Columbia University researchers discuss heat pumps as a \u201cdecarbonization\u201d strategy and note that adding a \u201ccarbon tax\u201d to artificially raise the price of natural gas as a way to compel heat pump adoption.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Deetjen and his coauthors note, however, that there are environmental trade-offs atop the economic costs to individual homeowners. Because electricity generation at power plants that burn fossil fuels can lead to high emissions of soot, nitrous oxides and sulfur dioxide<sup> 27<\/sup>, generating the additional electricity needed for a large-scale adoption of heat pumps can have a negative impact on public health. Often, write the researchers, \u201cthe climate benefits of heat pump adoption are overshadowed by the health damages. Out of the 69.6 million houses where heat pump adoption provides a climate benefit, 19.7 million create health damages that exceed their climate benefits. This yields a net public value that is negative.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf all single-family homes adopted heat pumps,\u201d the researchers write, it would cut residential carbon dioxide emissions by 32%, \u201cwhich amounts to $6.4 billion in annual climate benefits. Although this climate benefit is substantial, it comes at a significant cost: $4.9 billion in health damages and $26.7 billion in private economic costs.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>As a result, when considering both costs to homeowners and to the public, \u201cSwitching a home\u2019s heating fuel from natural gas to heat pumps rarely produces a benefit, especially in cold climates where there are almost no houses where such a switch makes sense.\u201d<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"elfsight-app-996a0fda-002f-4b80-8df8-d0969c986500\"><\/div>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0EIA, 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/residential\/data\/2020\/index.php?view=state#hc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/residential\/data\/2020\/index.php?view=state#hc<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0U.S. Energy Information Administration state profile. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/beta\/states\/states\/wi\/data\/dashboard\/consumption\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/beta\/states\/states\/wi\/data\/dashboard\/consumption<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0EIA: 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/residential\/data\/2020\/state\/pdf\/State%20Fuels%20Used.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/residential\/data\/2020\/state\/pdf\/State%20Fuels%20Used.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>4<\/sup>\u00a0EIA: 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, space heating equipment table provides no data because the sample size was too small. EIA researcher Bill McNary by email: \u201cWe had less than 1% of households using a heat pump (0.9264%). The number was not published because only three respondents reported a heat pump out of 357 total respondents from Wisconsin.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/residential\/data\/2020\/state\/pdf\/State%20Space%20Heating.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/residential\/data\/2020\/state\/pdf\/State%20Space%20Heating.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0Census Reporter: <a href=\"https:\/\/censusreporter.org\/profiles\/03000US3-east-north-central-division\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/censusreporter.org\/profiles\/03000US3-east-north-central-division\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>6<\/sup>\u00a0EIA, 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/residential\/data\/2020\/hc\/pdf\/HC%206.7.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/residential\/data\/2020\/hc\/pdf\/HC%206.7.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>7<\/sup>\u00a0EIA, 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/residential\/data\/2020\/index.php?view=state#hc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/residential\/data\/2020\/index.php?view=state#hc<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>8<\/sup>\u00a0Building Decarbonization Coalition, Zero Emission Building Ordinances database. <a href=\"https:\/\/buildingdecarb.org\/zeb-ordinances\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/buildingdecarb.org\/zeb-ordinances<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>9<\/sup>\u00a0Wisconsin Office of Sustainability and Clean Energy, Clean Energy Plan. <a href=\"https:\/\/osce.wi.gov\/Documents\/SOW-CleanEnergyPlan2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/osce.wi.gov\/Documents\/SOW-CleanEnergyPlan2022.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>10<\/sup>\u00a0Wisconsin Examiner, April 19, 2023: \u201cAssembly Republicans pass bills to block government from curbing fossil fuel use.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/wisconsinexaminer.com\/2023\/04\/19\/assembly-republicans-pass-bills-to-block-government-from-curbing-fossil-fuel-use\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/wisconsinexaminer.com\/2023\/04\/19\/assembly-republicans-pass-bills-to-block-government-from-curbing-fossil-fuel-use\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>11<\/sup>\u00a0American Lung Association, submitted testimony, April 11, 2023: <a href=\"https:\/\/lobbying.wi.gov\/Data\/PositionFileUploads\/04102023_103855_2023_4_11TestimonyAB141.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/lobbying.wi.gov\/Data\/PositionFileUploads\/04102023_103855_2023_4_11TestimonyAB141.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>12<\/sup>\u00a0Washington Post, May 3, 2023: \u201cN.Y. ditches gas stoves, fossil fuels in new buildings in first statewide ban in U.S.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/climate-environment\/2023\/05\/03\/newyork-gas-ban-climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/climate-environment\/2023\/05\/03\/newyork-gas-ban-climate-change\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>13<\/sup>\u00a0Los Angeles Times, Sept. 23, 2022, \u201cCalifornia moves to ban natural gas furnaces and heaters by 2030.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/business\/story\/2022-09-23\/california-moves-to-ban-natural-gas-furnaces-and-heaters-by-2030\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/business\/story\/2022-09-23\/california-moves-to-ban-natural-gas-furnaces-and-heaters-by-2030<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>14<\/sup>\u00a0Daily Signal, Nov. 10, 2022, \u201cWashington State Ban on Natural Gas Heating Is All Cost, No Benefit.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailysignal.com\/2022\/11\/10\/washington-state-ban-on-natural-gas-heating-is-all-cost-no-benefit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.dailysignal.com\/2022\/11\/10\/washington-state-ban-on-natural-gas-heating-is-all-cost-no-benefit\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>15<\/sup>\u00a0Colorado Springs Gazette, Dec. 16, 2022, \u201cNew Colorado rules could limit natural gas line construction, expansion.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/gazette.com\/news\/environment\/new-colorado-rules-could-limit-natural-gas-line-construction-expansion\/article_ea356df8-7dad-11ed-b9fd-538d8289f6d3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/gazette.com\/news\/environment\/new-colorado-rules-could-limit-natural-gas-line-construction-expansion\/article_ea356df8-7dad-11ed-b9fd-538d8289f6d3.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>16<\/sup>\u00a0Denver Post, July 29, 2022, \u201cA crackdown on gas emissions from homes worries utilities, union.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.denverpost.com\/2022\/07\/29\/gas-utilities-cut-emissions-colorado\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.denverpost.com\/2022\/07\/29\/gas-utilities-cut-emissions-colorado\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>17<\/sup>\u00a0Washington Post, March 31, 2022, \u201cMd. pursues one of the most ambitious climate change plans in the U.S.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/dc-md-va\/2022\/03\/31\/maryland-climate-change-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/dc-md-va\/2022\/03\/31\/maryland-climate-change-law\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>18<\/sup>\u00a0Building Decarbonization Coalition. <a href=\"https:\/\/buildingdecarb.org\/about-us\/our-members\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/buildingdecarb.org\/about-us\/our-members<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>19<\/sup>\u00a0S&amp;P Global Commodity Insights as of August 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/marketintelligence\/en\/news-insights\/latest-news-headlines\/virginia-says-no-to-anti-gas-ban-bill-still-aims-to-protect-gas-users-71656207\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/marketintelligence\/en\/news-insights\/latest-news-headlines\/virginia-says-no-to-anti-gas-ban-bill-still-aims-to-protect-gas-users-71656207<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>20<\/sup>\u00a0Center for Energy and Environment, \u201cCold Climate Air Source Heat Pump Final Report,\u201d 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mncee.org\/cold-climate-air-source-heat-pump-final-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.mncee.org\/cold-climate-air-source-heat-pump-final-report<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>21<\/sup>\u00a0National Weather Service Climate Norms. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/mkx\/Climate_Normals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/mkx\/Climate_Normals<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>22<\/sup>\u00a0U.S. DOE. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/buildings\/articles\/residential-cold-climate-heat-pump-technology-challenge-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/buildings\/articles\/residential-cold-climate-heat-pump-technology-challenge-fact-sheet<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>23<\/sup>\u00a0Deetjen et al. \u201cUS residential heat pumps: the private economic potential and its emissions, health, and grid impacts.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><sup>24<\/sup>\u00a0Kaufman et al., \u201cDecarbonizing space heating with air source heat pumps.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><sup>25<\/sup>\u00a0Federal Register, March 7, 2022, page 12682. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/FR-2022-03-07\/pdf\/2022-04765.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/FR-2022-03-07\/pdf\/2022-04765.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>26<\/sup>\u00a0NYSERDA, \u201cNew Efficiency: New York: Analysis of Residential Heat Pump Potential and Economics\u201d January 2019.<\/p>\n<p><sup>27<\/sup>\u00a0See, for instance, Scientific American, Jan. 9, 2014, \u201cSwitch to Natural Gas Slashes Power Plant Pollution.\u201c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/switch-to-natural-gas-slashes-power-plant-pollution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/switch-to-natural-gas-slashes-power-plant-pollution\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The post <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.badgerinstitute.org\/natural-gas-and-regulation-in-wisconsin-a-policy-brief\/\">Natural gas and regulation in Wisconsin: a policy brief<\/a> appeared first on <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.badgerinstitute.org\">Badger Institute<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This post originally appeared at https:\/\/www.badgerinstitute.org\/natural-gas-and-regulation-in-wisconsin-a-policy-brief\/ Since 1990, gross U.S. greenhouse gas emissions have decreased&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":3194,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3192","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-badger-institute"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3192","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3192"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3192\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3195,"href":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3192\/revisions\/3195"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3194"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3192"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3192"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wifamily.news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}